The Oil Spills ontology has been defined as part of the InterRisk project (http://interrisk.nersc.no/). The ontology defines concepts and relationships for the representation of oil spills in the context of interoperable Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) services for environmental risk management in marine and coastal areas of Europe. Quantity is a generic term used when referring to the measurement (count, amount) of a scalar. It is usually represented as a value and a unit. 1 [DSPR]: Unrefined liquid petroleum, ranging in gravity from 9° API to 55° API and in color from yellow to black. May have a paraffin, asphalt, or mixed base. If the oil contains a sizable amount of sulfur or sulfur components, it is called a sour crude; if it has little or no sulfur, it is called a sweet crude. In addition, crude oil may be referred to as heavy or light, according to API gravity, the lighter oil having the higher gravities. [GPA]: A fossil fuel formed from plant and animal remains many million of years ago. It comprises organic compounds built up from hydrogen and carbon atoms and is, accordingly, often referred to as hydrocarbons. Crude oil is occasionally found in springs or pools but is usually drilled from wells beneath the earth's surface. the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is more basic and less than 7 is more acidic) [from wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn] 0 Imitating or estimating how events might occur in a an oil spill life. Human factors may be categorized as follows: Bilge Discharge, Cargo Not Secured, Human Error, Intentional Release, Overfill, Sabotage/Vandalism, Sinking Streaks of oil that line up in the direction of the wind The state of an oil particle corresponds to one of the following states: * Surface * Evaporated * Sub surface * Stranded * Dispersed 1 1 This class represents chemical quantites. A chemical quantity is used to quantify a chemical property. Viscosity is the thickness or resistance to flow of a liquid. A class for the representation of units of measurement. This class represents physical quantites. A physical quantity is used to quantify a physical property. Oil in a thick enough layer on the water to be recovered by conventional techniques and equipment. Only black or brown oil, mousse and heavy sheens are generally considered to be thick enough to be effectively recovered by skimmers. A thick foamy oil-and-water mixture formed when petroleum products are subjected to mixing with water by the action of waves and wind. Mousse can range in colour from dark brown to nearly red or tan, and typically has a thickened or pudding-like consistency. Incorporation of up to 75 per cent water into the oil will cause the apparent volume of a given quantity of oil to increase by up to four times. Concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. Accidental release of oil into the marine or terrestrial environment Length is the long dimension of any object. The length of a thing is the distance between its ends, its linear extent as measured from end to end. In the physical sciences and engineering, the word "length" is typically used synonymously with "distance". Distance Crude oil and refined products such as motor oils, fuels, lubricants etc. Also vegetable oils, animal fats and other non-petroleum oils. A black or very dark brown layer of oil. Depending on the quantity spilled oil tends to quickly spread out over the water surface to a thickness of about 1 millimeter. However, from the air, it is impossible to tell how thick a black oil layer is. Density is a measure of mass per unit of volume. The higher an object's density, the higher its mass per volume. Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold". Temperatures are measured is Kelvin in the Oil Spills ontology. A very thin layer of oil (less than 0.0003 mm in thickness) floating on the water surface. Sheen is the commonly-observed form of oil during the later stages of a spill. Depending on thickness, sheens range in colour from dull brown for the thickest sheens to rainbow, grays, silver, and near-transparancy in the case of the thinnest sheens. Physical object or accident that caused the oil spill Accidental release of oil into the marine environment, including both man-made and natural releases of oil into the sea Volume (also called capacity) is a quantification of how much space an object occupies. The SI unit for volume is the cubic metre (American spelling meter). [from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume] Refined petroleum products are derived from crude oils through processes such as catalytic cracking and fractional distillation. These products have physical and chemical characteristics that differ according to the type of crude oil and subsequent refining processes. Containment Overflow, Corrosion, Crack, Equipment Failure, Erosion, Gauge/Site Glass Failure, Hull Failure, Leak, Line Failure, Puncture, Seal Failure, Support Structure Failure, Tank Failure, Tank Support Structure Failure, Valve Failure, Vehicle Leak A substance with a distinct molecular composition that is produced by or used in a chemical process The common term used to describe a film of oil on the water surface. Most oils tend to spread horizontally into a smooth and slippery surface, called a slick, on top of the water. A fundamental property of matter which is a numerical measure of the inertia of an object or the amount of matter that an object contains. The mass of an object is different from its weight as mass is independent of the gravitational field exerted on an object. Oil drift simulation. Collision/Allision, Derailment, Grounding, Rollover/Capsize, Well Blow-Out Distance moved from last position. An oil spill results in many slicks. Each slick represents the staus (shape) of the released oil at a time interval. Several slicks may be associated with the oil spill at one time interval. This occurs when the released oil is split into many slicks. The energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen. The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat. It may be expressed with the quantities: * energy/mole of fuel, * energy/mass of fuel, * energy/volume of fuel. The heat of combustion for fuels is expressed as the HHV (Higher Heating value) or LHV (Lower Heating Value). Distance moved from last position following the X axis. A marine oil spill is caused by an oil spill cause. A simulation has input parameters Iodine Value (IV) is a value of the amount of iodine, measured in grams, absorbed by 100ml of a given oil. The higher the IV the greater potential the oil has to polymerise. An oil slick or a split oil has a weight. Number equal to the percentage by volume of cetane added to basic diesel fuel to achieve specific ignition performance characteristics. Cetane number is a measure of an oils combustibility under compression. The higher the CN the greater its combustibility. The slower an engines speed, the lower the CN of a fuel on which it will operate. Large low speed engines can operate on a fuels with a CN as low as 20, some high-speed passenger car diesel engines specify 55 CN fuel. A Slick has one or more spilt oils. Each spilt oil corresponds to a different type of oil. A property that describes the color of an oil either using a color or a color range The temperature at which an oil starts to solidify is known as the cloud point. The temperature at which an oil starts to evaporate giving off gases that can be ignited Higher Heating Value is the same as the thermodynamic heat of combustion since the enthalpy change for the reaction assumes a common temperature of the compounds before and after combustion, in which case the water produced by combustion is liquid. A color range is defined by two colors "from" and "to". Roles "to" and "from" are symmetric. Distance moved from last position following the Y axis. Lowest temperature at which an oil will pour or flow under certain prescribed conditions A slick belongs to an ol spill. pH is a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution and, therefore, its acidity or alkalinity. The pH value is a number without units, usually between 0 and 14, that indicates whether a solution is acidic (pH 7). The thickness of an oil. Viscosity is determined by measuring the amount of time taken for a given measure of oil to pass through an orifice of a given size. The temperature at which solid oil becomes a liquid. thickness of a slick or an oil particle. A split oil has an oil type. A color range is defined by two colors "from" and "to". Roles "to" and "from" are symmetric. Determined by weighing a given measure of oil. Oils that are more dense will contain more energy. For example petrol and diesel fuel give comparable energy by weight but diesel is denser and gives more energy per litre. Lower heating value treats any H2O formed as a vapor. The energy required to vaporize the water therefore is not realized as heat. A Generic property for describing properties of oil (color, chemical properties, etc.). Distance moved from last position following the X axis. Time at which the particle evaporated Time at which the particle submerged Time at which the oil particle was mixed with water Distance moved from last position (in meters) Time step for an oil drift simulation, expressed in seconds Distance moved from last position following the Y axis. A light hydrocarbon mixture for diesel engines, similar to furnace fuel oil; it has a boiling range just above that of kerosene [GPA]: A liquid petroleum product having a flash point above 37,8 degrees C used, e.g., in industrial furnaces, domestic heaters, and ships The oil particle is under the water surface. [GPA]: A brown to black residue formed from weathered petroleum products, consisting chiefly of a mixture of hydrocarbons, varies in texture from hard and brittle to plastic [DSPR]: A dark-brown to black cement-like material obtained by petroleum processing, containing bitumens as the predominant constituents. Includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. The oil particle is completely evaporated. A solid-fuel product containing about 80 per cent of carbon produced by distillation of coal to drive off its volatile constituents A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives suitable for use in spark-ignition engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded and unleaded grades of finished motor gasoline, blending components and gasohol, which is motor gasoline blended with up to 10 percent ethanol or methane. Liquified Petroleum Gas. Propane and butane, liquified under pressure or refrigeration The oil particle is on the water surface. Liquified Natural Gas, mainly methane, liquified under pressure and low temperature Fuel for a vessel The bilge is the parts of a vessel between the lower-most floorboards and the bottom, where oil-contaminated wastewater - bilge water - drains until further processing. Bilge water is produced when the machinery spaces of a vessel are cleaned. The oil particle is completely dispersed. A lightweight material that flows easily, spreads rapidly, and evaporates quickly. Kerosene is easily dispersed, but is also relatively persistent in the environment.